I. INTRODUCTION
The electrodeless discharge was first discovered by Hittorf in 1884 [1], and more complete observations were made soon after by J.J. Thomson [1]. The first electrodeless lamp was shown by Tesla in New York in 1891. In 1907, P. C. Hewitt patented the principles of inductive electrodeless
lamp[1].
The induction electrodeless fluorescent lamp (IEFL) is fundamentally different from the traditional; discharge lamps, which employ electrodes as electron source. The operation frequency of IEFL is usually in the range of hundreds of KHz to tens of MHz[2]. A special generator or ballast is needed to provide high frequency power. Without electrodes, the energy coupling coils are needed for the energy coupling into the plasma .A long life time and good lumen maintenance can be achieved with this kind of lamps because of the absence of electrodes.
Although the principles of electrodeless lamp have been understood essentially for over hundred years, electrodeless lamps have not been introduced into the commercial market until the past decades. The main reasons are the lack of reliable, low cost electronics, and avoidance of electromagnetic interferences. With the great development in electronics and consequently arrivals of electronic ballasts, the electrodeless lamp got the possibilities to be introduced into commercial market for the general purpose lighting.
The main obstacle for Induction electrodeless fluorescent lamp to the market is the high price comparing with the general fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps. With the great advance in electronics and the advent of electronic ballasts, the induction lamp got the possibilities to be introduced into commercial market for the general purpose lighting, such as Everlight from Matsushita, QL from Philips, Genura from GE and Endura from OSRAM. Recently, a comparatively cheap induction lamp, has been successfully designed and produced by Hangzhou Zhekang Lighting &Electric Equipment Co. Ltd of China. The IC chips developed by the company are specially designed for the induction lamps. Reliable dimming, good performance with a reasonable cost can be realized by employing the IC chips in the ballast.
2. The principles of the induction lamp
2.1. Inductive discharge
The induction lamp consists of three parts, the high frequency generator (ballast), energizing coils and the discharge tube. The schematic construction of the induction lamp is shown in Figure 1. The high frequency generator is responsible to generate high frequency current (230 KHz at rated power). When the high frequency current flows through the energizing coils wrapping around the ferrite cores, inductive electric field is produced to maintain the gas discharge. The two energizingcoils are in parallel with each other, and turns of the coils are determined by the products’ specifications. Discharge gas is composed of Mercury and Argon or other noble gas. The pressure of Mercury is controlled by the main amalgam. Several assistant amalgams are posited close to the ferrite core to help quick ignition.

Figure 1. The schematic diagram of the induction lamp
The process of energy transferring from the energizing coil to the discharge plasma can be equivalent as a model of transformer [3]. As shown in figure 2, the energizing coil is equivalent to the primary winding and the discharge tube is equivalent to the secondary winding. The inductively coupled discharge is maintained by high frequency voltage built in the discharge tube.

Figure 2. The electrical lamp model
2.2 High frequency generator (electronic ballast)
The main function of the ballast is to generate high frequency current to drive the inductively coupled discharge. As shown in Figure 3 ,the ballast can be devided in several parts according their purposes. The first part is EMI filter which reduces the harmonics from the AC supply. The second part is the bridge rectifier where the filtered AC is converted to DC . Then is the PFC circuit which can increase the power factor to more than 0.95 and boost the DC voltage to a constant value (about 400V). The last part is the inverter, by which the boosted DC is converted to the high frequency AC .
The novelty of this ballast is the application of IC chips, which can improve the performance of the lamp. The inverter is controlled by the IC chip which provides driving signals to the inverter and can
decide the operation frequency. Because lamp power is inversely proportional to the operation frequency when voltage is constant, lamp power will change with the changing of operation frequency and dimming will be realized[4]. With the accurate control, 30%~100% dimming range can be achieved without negative effects on the lamp. PFC is controlled by the IC chip which guarantees the induction lamp to work properly from 170V to 250V with power factor more than 0.95. This feature especially benefits the situations where the fluctuation of power supply is more than 10% of rated voltage.

Figure 3. Block diagram of the high frequency generator
Performance of the induction lamp
3.1 Advantages and disadvantages
Based on the principles of the induction lamp, we can analysis the advantages and disadvantages basically.
Advantages:
1)Long life
Because of the electrodeless structure the lamp can have a much longer life than the traditional lamp. The life time of the lamp mainly confined by the electronic ballast. With the advance of the electronics the ballast can have a life more than 60 000 hours.
2)Good light performance
The induction lamp can have a good efficacy , especially for the high power lamps . For instance, a 200W lamp can have a efficacy more than 80lm/W. The application of the amalgam , the lamp can have a stable performance in the range of the cold spot temperature 60~120℃.
3)Short ignition time and re-strike time
The starting phase from E-discharge to H-discharge in the induction lamp only need a few milliseconds[5], so the ignition time and re-strike time is very short.
4)No flickering
The lamp is driven by a high frequency (above 200KHz) ballast, no eyeable flickering can be observed.
5)High power factor
With the application of the IC chip in the PFC circuit, the power factor can reach more than 0.95.
6)Dimmable ballast
As mentioned above, the lamp dimming is realized by changing the frequency of the ballast. The dimming range can be 30%~100%.
Disadvantages:
1)High initial cost
The big drawback of the induction lamp is the cost. Compared with traditional lamp the price of the lamp is more expensive.
2)Limit of luminaire design
Compared with HID lamp the arc of the lamp is much bigger, so it is much difficult to design a high efficiency luminaire. But we still can get high efficiency luminaire for the induction lamp with some certain special design.
3.2 Main products
In table 1, the main IEFL products are listed. In this table, key manufactures are listed and the key features of IEFL products are compared, for instance, the luminance efficacy, Lamp life, operation frequency and dimming. In addition, the prices are also compared.
Table 1. The main products of IEFL in the market[2],[6]
Items |
Everlight |
QL |
Genura |
Endura |
AK |
Company |
Matsushita |
Philips |
GE |
Osram |
Zhekang |
Luminance efficacy (lm/W) |
37.0 |
65 |
65 |
75 |
78 |
Lamp life
(hours) |
40,000 |
80,000 |
100,000 |
60,000 |
50,000 |
Operation frequency (MHz) |
13.56 |
2.65 |
2.65 |
0.25 |
0.23 |
Dimming |
No dimming |
No dimming |
No dimming |
10%~
100% |
30%~
100% |
Price |
High |
High |
High |
High |
Low |
With higher efficiency and much longer lamp life, induction lamp is a better choice for indoor lighting than fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps for the purpose of energy saving. In some special applications such as tunnels and stadiums, where maintenance is not convenient, induction lamp is also a good solution because of very low maintenance cost and good dimming characteristics.
4. Conclusion
From the principles and performance ,the induction lamp is a new and good choice for lighting. With the technology advance for induction lamp , the lamp can has more stable and excellent performance . The application of induction lamp can be boarder than ever. In a word, the induction lamp is a new choice for green lighting.
References
[1] Wharmby, D.O. : Electrodeless lamps for lighting: a review, IEE Proceedings A , Volume: 140 ,
Issue: 6 , Nov. 1993, 465 – 473 [2] Shaffer,J.W.— Godyak, V.A. : Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, Winter(1999),142-148 [3] Lester,J.N.—Alexandrovich B. M. : Ballasting electrodeless fluorescent lamps, Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, Summer (2000), 89-99 [4] Statnic,E. : Dimming high power electrodeless fluorescent lamps, Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, Summer (2000),158-168 [5] Wharmby, D.O. : IEE Proc., Part A: Phys. Sci. Meas. Insrum, Manage Educ. 140, 465 |